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  <div class="section" id="module-pdb">
<span id="pdb-the-python-debugger"></span><span id="debugger"></span><h1>27.3. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-pdb" title="pdb: The Python debugger for interactive interpreters."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pdb</span></code></a> --- The Python Debugger<a class="headerlink" href="#module-pdb" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.6/Lib/pdb.py">Lib/pdb.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />
<p>The module <a class="reference internal" href="#module-pdb" title="pdb: The Python debugger for interactive interpreters."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pdb</span></code></a> defines an interactive source code debugger for Python
programs.  It supports setting (conditional) breakpoints and single stepping at
the source line level, inspection of stack frames, source code listing, and
evaluation of arbitrary Python code in the context of any stack frame.  It also
supports post-mortem debugging and can be called under program control.</p>
<p id="index-1">The debugger is extensible -- it is actually defined as the class <a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.Pdb" title="pdb.Pdb"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Pdb</span></code></a>.
This is currently undocumented but easily understood by reading the source.  The
extension interface uses the modules <a class="reference internal" href="bdb.html#module-bdb" title="bdb: Debugger framework."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bdb</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="cmd.html#module-cmd" title="cmd: Build line-oriented command interpreters."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmd</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>The debugger's prompt is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(Pdb)</span></code>. Typical usage to run a program under control
of the debugger is:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pdb</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mymodule</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">pdb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;mymodule.test()&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&gt; &lt;string&gt;(0)?()</span>
<span class="go">(Pdb) continue</span>
<span class="go">&gt; &lt;string&gt;(1)?()</span>
<span class="go">(Pdb) continue</span>
<span class="go">NameError: &#39;spam&#39;</span>
<span class="go">&gt; &lt;string&gt;(1)?()</span>
<span class="go">(Pdb)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">在 3.3 版更改: </span>Tab-completion via the <a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline</span></code></a> module is available for commands and
command arguments, e.g. the current global and local names are offered as
arguments of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">p</span></code> command.</p>
</div>
<p><code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pdb.py</span></code> can also be invoked as a script to debug other scripts.  For
example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python3</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="n">pdb</span> <span class="n">myscript</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>When invoked as a script, pdb will automatically enter post-mortem debugging if
the program being debugged exits abnormally.  After post-mortem debugging (or
after normal exit of the program), pdb will restart the program.  Automatic
restarting preserves pdb's state (such as breakpoints) and in most cases is more
useful than quitting the debugger upon program's exit.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.2 新版功能: </span><code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pdb.py</span></code> now accepts a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-c</span></code> option that executes commands as if given
in a <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pdbrc</span></code> file, see <a class="reference internal" href="#debugger-commands"><span class="std std-ref">Debugger Commands</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<p>The typical usage to break into the debugger from a running program is to
insert</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pdb</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">pdb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_trace</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>at the location you want to break into the debugger.  You can then step through
the code following this statement, and continue running without the debugger
using the <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-continue"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">continue</span></code></a> command.</p>
<p>The typical usage to inspect a crashed program is:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pdb</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mymodule</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">mymodule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
  File <span class="nb">&quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;</span>, line <span class="m">1</span>, in <span class="n">&lt;module&gt;</span>
  File <span class="nb">&quot;./mymodule.py&quot;</span>, line <span class="m">4</span>, in <span class="n">test</span>
    <span class="n">test2</span><span class="p">()</span>
  File <span class="nb">&quot;./mymodule.py&quot;</span>, line <span class="m">3</span>, in <span class="n">test2</span>
    <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">spam</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gr">NameError</span>: <span class="n">spam</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">pdb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pm</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">&gt; ./mymodule.py(3)test2()</span>
<span class="go">-&gt; print(spam)</span>
<span class="go">(Pdb)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The module defines the following functions; each enters the debugger in a
slightly different way:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="pdb.run">
<code class="descclassname">pdb.</code><code class="descname">run</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>statement</em>, <em>globals=None</em>, <em>locals=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.run" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Execute the <em>statement</em> (given as a string or a code object) under debugger
control.  The debugger prompt appears before any code is executed; you can
set breakpoints and type <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-continue"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">continue</span></code></a>, or you can step through the
statement using <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-step"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">step</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-next"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next</span></code></a> (all these commands are
explained below).  The optional <em>globals</em> and <em>locals</em> arguments specify the
environment in which the code is executed; by default the dictionary of the
module <a class="reference internal" href="__main__.html#module-__main__" title="__main__: The environment where the top-level script is run."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code></a> is used.  (See the explanation of the built-in
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#exec" title="exec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#eval" title="eval"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">eval()</span></code></a> functions.)</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="pdb.runeval">
<code class="descclassname">pdb.</code><code class="descname">runeval</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>expression</em>, <em>globals=None</em>, <em>locals=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.runeval" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Evaluate the <em>expression</em> (given as a string or a code object) under debugger
control.  When <a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.runeval" title="pdb.runeval"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runeval()</span></code></a> returns, it returns the value of the
expression.  Otherwise this function is similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.run" title="pdb.run"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run()</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="pdb.runcall">
<code class="descclassname">pdb.</code><code class="descname">runcall</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>function</em>, <em>*args</em>, <em>**kwds</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.runcall" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Call the <em>function</em> (a function or method object, not a string) with the
given arguments.  When <a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.runcall" title="pdb.runcall"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runcall()</span></code></a> returns, it returns whatever the
function call returned.  The debugger prompt appears as soon as the function
is entered.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="pdb.set_trace">
<code class="descclassname">pdb.</code><code class="descname">set_trace</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.set_trace" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Enter the debugger at the calling stack frame.  This is useful to hard-code a
breakpoint at a given point in a program, even if the code is not otherwise
being debugged (e.g. when an assertion fails).</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="pdb.post_mortem">
<code class="descclassname">pdb.</code><code class="descname">post_mortem</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>traceback=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.post_mortem" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Enter post-mortem debugging of the given <em>traceback</em> object.  If no
<em>traceback</em> is given, it uses the one of the exception that is currently
being handled (an exception must be being handled if the default is to be
used).</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="pdb.pm">
<code class="descclassname">pdb.</code><code class="descname">pm</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.pm" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Enter post-mortem debugging of the traceback found in
<a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.last_traceback" title="sys.last_traceback"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.last_traceback</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run*</span></code> functions and <a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.set_trace" title="pdb.set_trace"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set_trace()</span></code></a> are aliases for instantiating the
<a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.Pdb" title="pdb.Pdb"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Pdb</span></code></a> class and calling the method of the same name.  If you want to
access further features, you have to do this yourself:</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="pdb.Pdb">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">pdb.</code><code class="descname">Pdb</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>completekey='tab'</em>, <em>stdin=None</em>, <em>stdout=None</em>, <em>skip=None</em>, <em>nosigint=False</em>, <em>readrc=True</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.Pdb" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#pdb.Pdb" title="pdb.Pdb"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Pdb</span></code></a> is the debugger class.</p>
<p>The <em>completekey</em>, <em>stdin</em> and <em>stdout</em> arguments are passed to the
underlying <a class="reference internal" href="cmd.html#cmd.Cmd" title="cmd.Cmd"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmd.Cmd</span></code></a> class; see the description there.</p>
<p>The <em>skip</em> argument, if given, must be an iterable of glob-style module name
patterns.  The debugger will not step into frames that originate in a module
that matches one of these patterns. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id3" id="id1">[1]</a></p>
<p>By default, Pdb sets a handler for the SIGINT signal (which is sent when the
user presses <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Ctrl-C</kbd> on the console) when you give a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">continue</span></code> command.
This allows you to break into the debugger again by pressing <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Ctrl-C</kbd>.  If you
want Pdb not to touch the SIGINT handler, set <em>nosigint</em> to true.</p>
<p>The <em>readrc</em> argument defaults to true and controls whether Pdb will load
.pdbrc files from the filesystem.</p>
<p>Example call to enable tracing with <em>skip</em>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pdb</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">pdb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">skip</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;django.*&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_trace</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.1 新版功能: </span>The <em>skip</em> argument.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.2 新版功能: </span>The <em>nosigint</em> argument.  Previously, a SIGINT handler was never set by
Pdb.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">在 3.6 版更改: </span>The <em>readrc</em> argument.</p>
</div>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pdb.Pdb.run">
<code class="descname">run</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>statement</em>, <em>globals=None</em>, <em>locals=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.Pdb.run" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="pdb.Pdb.runeval">
<code class="descname">runeval</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>expression</em>, <em>globals=None</em>, <em>locals=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.Pdb.runeval" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="pdb.Pdb.runcall">
<code class="descname">runcall</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>function</em>, <em>*args</em>, <em>**kwds</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.Pdb.runcall" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="pdb.Pdb.set_trace">
<code class="descname">set_trace</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pdb.Pdb.set_trace" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>See the documentation for the functions explained above.</p>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<div class="section" id="debugger-commands">
<span id="id2"></span><h2>27.3.1. Debugger Commands<a class="headerlink" href="#debugger-commands" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
<p>The commands recognized by the debugger are listed below.  Most commands can be
abbreviated to one or two letters as indicated; e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">h(elp)</span></code> means that
either <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">h</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">help</span></code> can be used to enter the help command (but not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">he</span></code>
or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hel</span></code>, nor <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">H</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Help</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HELP</span></code>).  Arguments to commands must be
separated by whitespace (spaces or tabs).  Optional arguments are enclosed in
square brackets (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[]</span></code>) in the command syntax; the square brackets must not be
typed.  Alternatives in the command syntax are separated by a vertical bar
(<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">|</span></code>).</p>
<p>Entering a blank line repeats the last command entered.  Exception: if the last
command was a <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-list"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a> command, the next 11 lines are listed.</p>
<p>Commands that the debugger doesn't recognize are assumed to be Python statements
and are executed in the context of the program being debugged.  Python
statements can also be prefixed with an exclamation point (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!</span></code>).  This is a
powerful way to inspect the program being debugged; it is even possible to
change a variable or call a function.  When an exception occurs in such a
statement, the exception name is printed but the debugger's state is not
changed.</p>
<p>The debugger supports <a class="reference internal" href="#debugger-aliases"><span class="std std-ref">aliases</span></a>.  Aliases can have
parameters which allows one a certain level of adaptability to the context under
examination.</p>
<p>Multiple commands may be entered on a single line, separated by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">;;</span></code>.  (A
single <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">;</span></code> is not used as it is the separator for multiple commands in a line
that is passed to the Python parser.)  No intelligence is applied to separating
the commands; the input is split at the first <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">;;</span></code> pair, even if it is in the
middle of a quoted string.</p>
<p id="index-2">If a file <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pdbrc</span></code> exists in the user's home directory or in the current
directory, it is read in and executed as if it had been typed at the debugger
prompt.  This is particularly useful for aliases.  If both files exist, the one
in the home directory is read first and aliases defined there can be overridden
by the local file.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">在 3.2 版更改: </span><code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pdbrc</span></code> can now contain commands that continue debugging, such as
<a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-continue"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">continue</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-next"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next</span></code></a>.  Previously, these commands had no
effect.</p>
</div>
<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-help">
<code class="descname">h(elp)</code><code class="descclassname"> [command]</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-help" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Without argument, print the list of available commands.  With a <em>command</em> as
argument, print help about that command.  <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">help</span> <span class="pre">pdb</span></code> displays the full
documentation (the docstring of the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-pdb" title="pdb: The Python debugger for interactive interpreters."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pdb</span></code></a> module).  Since the <em>command</em>
argument must be an identifier, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">help</span> <span class="pre">exec</span></code> must be entered to get help on
the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!</span></code> command.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-where">
<code class="descname">w(here)</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-where" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Print a stack trace, with the most recent frame at the bottom.  An arrow
indicates the current frame, which determines the context of most commands.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-down">
<code class="descname">d(own)</code><code class="descclassname"> [count]</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-down" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Move the current frame <em>count</em> (default one) levels down in the stack trace
(to a newer frame).</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-up">
<code class="descname">u(p)</code><code class="descclassname"> [count]</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-up" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Move the current frame <em>count</em> (default one) levels up in the stack trace (to
an older frame).</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-break">
<code class="descname">b(reak)</code><code class="descclassname"> [([filename:]lineno | function) [, condition]]</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-break" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>With a <em>lineno</em> argument, set a break there in the current file.  With a
<em>function</em> argument, set a break at the first executable statement within
that function.  The line number may be prefixed with a filename and a colon,
to specify a breakpoint in another file (probably one that hasn't been loaded
yet).  The file is searched on <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.path" title="sys.path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code></a>.  Note that each breakpoint
is assigned a number to which all the other breakpoint commands refer.</p>
<p>If a second argument is present, it is an expression which must evaluate to
true before the breakpoint is honored.</p>
<p>Without argument, list all breaks, including for each breakpoint, the number
of times that breakpoint has been hit, the current ignore count, and the
associated condition if any.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-tbreak">
<code class="descname">tbreak</code><code class="descclassname"> [([filename:]lineno | function) [, condition]]</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-tbreak" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Temporary breakpoint, which is removed automatically when it is first hit.
The arguments are the same as for <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-break"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">break</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-clear">
<code class="descname">cl(ear)</code><code class="descclassname"> [filename:lineno | bpnumber [bpnumber ...]]</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-clear" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>With a <em>filename:lineno</em> argument, clear all the breakpoints at this line.
With a space separated list of breakpoint numbers, clear those breakpoints.
Without argument, clear all breaks (but first ask confirmation).</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-disable">
<code class="descname">disable</code><code class="descclassname"> [bpnumber [bpnumber ...]]</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-disable" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Disable the breakpoints given as a space separated list of breakpoint
numbers.  Disabling a breakpoint means it cannot cause the program to stop
execution, but unlike clearing a breakpoint, it remains in the list of
breakpoints and can be (re-)enabled.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-enable">
<code class="descname">enable</code><code class="descclassname"> [bpnumber [bpnumber ...]]</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-enable" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Enable the breakpoints specified.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-ignore">
<code class="descname">ignore</code><code class="descclassname"> bpnumber [count]</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-ignore" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the ignore count for the given breakpoint number.  If count is omitted,
the ignore count is set to 0.  A breakpoint becomes active when the ignore
count is zero.  When non-zero, the count is decremented each time the
breakpoint is reached and the breakpoint is not disabled and any associated
condition evaluates to true.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-condition">
<code class="descname">condition</code><code class="descclassname"> bpnumber [condition]</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-condition" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set a new <em>condition</em> for the breakpoint, an expression which must evaluate
to true before the breakpoint is honored.  If <em>condition</em> is absent, any
existing condition is removed; i.e., the breakpoint is made unconditional.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-commands">
<code class="descname">commands</code><code class="descclassname"> [bpnumber]</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-commands" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Specify a list of commands for breakpoint number <em>bpnumber</em>.  The commands
themselves appear on the following lines.  Type a line containing just
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">end</span></code> to terminate the commands. An example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">commands</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">com</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">p</span> <span class="n">some_variable</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">com</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">end</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To remove all commands from a breakpoint, type commands and follow it
immediately with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">end</span></code>; that is, give no commands.</p>
<p>With no <em>bpnumber</em> argument, commands refers to the last breakpoint set.</p>
<p>You can use breakpoint commands to start your program up again.  Simply use
the continue command, or step, or any other command that resumes execution.</p>
<p>Specifying any command resuming execution (currently continue, step, next,
return, jump, quit and their abbreviations) terminates the command list (as if
that command was immediately followed by end). This is because any time you
resume execution (even with a simple next or step), you may encounter another
breakpoint—which could have its own command list, leading to ambiguities about
which list to execute.</p>
<p>If you use the 'silent' command in the command list, the usual message about
stopping at a breakpoint is not printed.  This may be desirable for breakpoints
that are to print a specific message and then continue.  If none of the other
commands print anything, you see no sign that the breakpoint was reached.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-step">
<code class="descname">s(tep)</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-step" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Execute the current line, stop at the first possible occasion (either in a
function that is called or on the next line in the current function).</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-next">
<code class="descname">n(ext)</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-next" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Continue execution until the next line in the current function is reached or
it returns.  (The difference between <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-next"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-step"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">step</span></code></a> is
that <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-step"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">step</span></code></a> stops inside a called function, while <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-next"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next</span></code></a>
executes called functions at (nearly) full speed, only stopping at the next
line in the current function.)</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-until">
<code class="descname">unt(il)</code><code class="descclassname"> [lineno]</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-until" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Without argument, continue execution until the line with a number greater
than the current one is reached.</p>
<p>With a line number, continue execution until a line with a number greater or
equal to that is reached.  In both cases, also stop when the current frame
returns.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">在 3.2 版更改: </span>Allow giving an explicit line number.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-return">
<code class="descname">r(eturn)</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-return" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Continue execution until the current function returns.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-continue">
<code class="descname">c(ont(inue))</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-continue" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Continue execution, only stop when a breakpoint is encountered.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-jump">
<code class="descname">j(ump)</code><code class="descclassname"> lineno</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-jump" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the next line that will be executed.  Only available in the bottom-most
frame.  This lets you jump back and execute code again, or jump forward to
skip code that you don't want to run.</p>
<p>It should be noted that not all jumps are allowed -- for instance it is not
possible to jump into the middle of a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#for"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">for</span></code></a> loop or out of a
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#finally"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">finally</span></code></a> clause.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-list">
<code class="descname">l(ist)</code><code class="descclassname"> [first[, last]]</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-list" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>List source code for the current file.  Without arguments, list 11 lines
around the current line or continue the previous listing.  With <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.</span></code> as
argument, list 11 lines around the current line.  With one argument,
list 11 lines around at that line.  With two arguments, list the given range;
if the second argument is less than the first, it is interpreted as a count.</p>
<p>The current line in the current frame is indicated by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-&gt;</span></code>.  If an
exception is being debugged, the line where the exception was originally
raised or propagated is indicated by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&gt;&gt;</span></code>, if it differs from the current
line.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.2 新版功能: </span>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&gt;&gt;</span></code> marker.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-ll">
<code class="descname">ll</code><code class="descclassname"> | longlist</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-ll" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>List all source code for the current function or frame.  Interesting lines
are marked as for <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-list"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.2 新版功能.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-args">
<code class="descname">a(rgs)</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-args" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Print the argument list of the current function.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-p">
<code class="descname">p</code><code class="descclassname"> expression</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-p" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Evaluate the <em>expression</em> in the current context and print its value.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">注解</p>
<p class="last"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print()</span></code> can also be used, but is not a debugger command --- this executes the
Python <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#print" title="print"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print()</span></code></a> function.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-pp">
<code class="descname">pp</code><code class="descclassname"> expression</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-pp" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Like the <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-p"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">p</span></code></a> command, except the value of the expression is
pretty-printed using the <a class="reference internal" href="pprint.html#module-pprint" title="pprint: Data pretty printer."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pprint</span></code></a> module.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-whatis">
<code class="descname">whatis</code><code class="descclassname"> expression</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-whatis" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Print the type of the <em>expression</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-source">
<code class="descname">source</code><code class="descclassname"> expression</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-source" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Try to get source code for the given object and display it.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.2 新版功能.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-display">
<code class="descname">display</code><code class="descclassname"> [expression]</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-display" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Display the value of the expression if it changed, each time execution stops
in the current frame.</p>
<p>Without expression, list all display expressions for the current frame.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.2 新版功能.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-undisplay">
<code class="descname">undisplay</code><code class="descclassname"> [expression]</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-undisplay" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Do not display the expression any more in the current frame.  Without
expression, clear all display expressions for the current frame.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.2 新版功能.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-interact">
<code class="descname">interact</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-interact" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Start an interactive interpreter (using the <a class="reference internal" href="code.html#module-code" title="code: Facilities to implement read-eval-print loops."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">code</span></code></a> module) whose global
namespace contains all the (global and local) names found in the current
scope.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.2 新版功能.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<span class="target" id="debugger-aliases"></span><dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-alias">
<code class="descname">alias</code><code class="descclassname"> [name [command]]</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-alias" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Create an alias called <em>name</em> that executes <em>command</em>.  The command must
<em>not</em> be enclosed in quotes.  Replaceable parameters can be indicated by
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%1</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%2</span></code>, and so on, while <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%*</span></code> is replaced by all the parameters.
If no command is given, the current alias for <em>name</em> is shown. If no
arguments are given, all aliases are listed.</p>
<p>Aliases may be nested and can contain anything that can be legally typed at
the pdb prompt.  Note that internal pdb commands <em>can</em> be overridden by
aliases.  Such a command is then hidden until the alias is removed.  Aliasing
is recursively applied to the first word of the command line; all other words
in the line are left alone.</p>
<p>As an example, here are two useful aliases (especially when placed in the
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pdbrc</span></code> file):</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Print instance variables (usage &quot;pi classInst&quot;)</span>
<span class="n">alias</span> <span class="n">pi</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">k</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="mf">1.</span><span class="vm">__dict__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;%1.&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">&quot;=&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mf">1.</span><span class="vm">__dict__</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="c1"># Print instance variables in self</span>
<span class="n">alias</span> <span class="n">ps</span> <span class="n">pi</span> <span class="bp">self</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-unalias">
<code class="descname">unalias</code><code class="descclassname"> name</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-unalias" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Delete the specified alias.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-!">
<code class="descname">!</code><code class="descclassname"> statement</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-!" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Execute the (one-line) <em>statement</em> in the context of the current stack frame.
The exclamation point can be omitted unless the first word of the statement
resembles a debugger command.  To set a global variable, you can prefix the
assignment command with a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#global"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">global</span></code></a> statement on the same line,
e.g.:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">global</span> <span class="n">list_options</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">list_options</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;-l&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Pdb</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-run">
<code class="descname">run</code><code class="descclassname"> [args ...]</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-run" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="pdbcommand-restart">
<code class="descname">restart</code><code class="descclassname"> [args ...]</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-restart" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Restart the debugged Python program.  If an argument is supplied, it is split
with <a class="reference internal" href="shlex.html#module-shlex" title="shlex: Simple lexical analysis for Unix shell-like languages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code></a> and the result is used as the new <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.argv" title="sys.argv"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv</span></code></a>.
History, breakpoints, actions and debugger options are preserved.
<a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-restart"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">restart</span></code></a> is an alias for <a class="reference internal" href="#pdbcommand-run"><code class="xref std std-pdbcmd docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="pdbcommand">
<dt id="pdbcommand-quit">
<code class="descname">q(uit)</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pdbcommand-quit" title="永久链接至目标">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Quit from the debugger.  The program being executed is aborted.</p>
</dd></dl>

<p class="rubric">Footnotes</p>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id3" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[1]</a></td><td>Whether a frame is considered to originate in a certain module
is determined by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__name__</span></code> in the frame globals.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>


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